Inteligência Artificial Generativa na Produção de Média. O Papel Emergente do Artista de Inteligência Artificial em Espanha
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.47(2025).6212Palavras-chave:
inteligência artificial, pós-produção, indústria audiovisual, Stable Diffusion, composição digitalResumo
As tecnologias de inteligência artificial (IA) avançaram exponencialmente nos últimos anos, particularmente na aprendizagem automática, incluindo redes neurais convolucionais e redes adversárias generativas. A sua implementação nas indústrias criativas evoluiu rapidamente da análise de informações e compressão de dados para o uso de ferramentas de IA generativa para a produção de média. Este estudo exploratório analisa o papel emergente do artista de IA na aplicação de técnicas de IA generativa aos processos de pós-produção audiovisual da série de televisão La Mesías (A Messias; Movistar+, 2023) e do videoclipe Pesadillas (Pesadelos; Martina Hache, 2024), que foram implementados por Alejandra G. López. Serão estudadas as características do estilo visual resultante da sua implementação. O desenho metodológico combina abordagens dos estudos da indústria dos média e da sociologia organizacional, utilizando uma revisão hemerográfica e bibliográfica sistemática, uma entrevista aprofundada e uma análise técnica das sequências envolvidas. As fases do fluxo de trabalho onde foi utilizada a IA são identificadas e classificadas conforme as categorias propostas por Anantrasirichai e Bull (2022): criação de conteúdo, análise de informação, melhoria de conteúdo e fluxo de trabalho e extração de informação. Os resultados demonstram que a IA generativa tem um impacto particularmente significativo nos efeitos visuais e na composição 2D/3D, criando um estilo que aumenta o realismo com atmosferas oníricas. A análise também evidencia que estas técnicas, implementadas com IA generativa, requerem perfis especializados na área e serão integradas no fluxo de trabalho de pós-produção audiovisual, com outros procedimentos clássicos de composição digital e efeitos visuais.
Downloads
Referências
Adeoye-Olatunde, O. A., & Olenik, N. L. (2021). Research and scholarly methods: Semi-structured interviews. Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, 4(10), 1358–1367. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1441
Amankwah-Amoah, J., Abdalla, S., Mogaji, E., Elbanna, A., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2024). The impending disruption of creative industries by generative AI: Opportunities, challenges, and research agenda. International Journal of Information Management, 79(2), Article 102759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102759
Amato, G., Falchi, F., Gennaro, C., & Rabitti, F. (2017). Searching and annotating 100M images with YFCC100M-HNfc6 and MI-File. In M. Bertini (Ed.), CBMI’17: Proceedings of the 15th international workshop on content-based multimedia (pp. 1–4). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3095713.3095740
Ambrossi, J. (Writer & Director), & Calvo, J. (Writer & Director). (2023, October 26). Instrucciones divinas para salvar el mundo [TV series episode]. In J. Ambrossi & J. Calvo (Executive Producer), La mesías. Movistar Plus+; Suma Content.
Anantrasirichai, N., & Bull, D. (2022). Artificial intelligence in the creative industries: A review. Artificial Intelligence Review, 55, 589–656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-021-10039-7
Arrojo, M. J. (2024). Impact of artificial intelligence in the audio-visual industry. A taxonomy. In D. Barredo, E. Gallardo-Echenique, H. Siringoringo, & N. Lagares (Eds.), Communication and applied technologies: Proceedings of ICOMTA 2024 (pp. 183–194). Springer.
Azzarelli, A., Anantrasirichai, N., & Bull, D. (2025). Intelligent cinematography: A review of AI research for cinematographic production. Artificial Intelligence Review, 58(4), 108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-024-11089-3
Bateman, J., & Schmidt, K. H. (2013). Multimodal film analysis: How films mean. Routledge.
Bédard, P. (2022). Virtual production and the transformation of cameras mechanical, virtual, and actual. Animation, 17(2), 226–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/17468477221102498
Bengasi, S., El-Sayed, H., Sarker, M. D. K., Houkpati, Y., Irungu, J., & Oladunni, T. (2024). Advancements in generative AI: A comprehensive review of GANs, GPT, autoencoders, diffusion model, and transformers. IEEE Access, 12, 69812–69837. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3397775
Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence. Oxford University Press.
Browne, K. (2022). Who (or what) is an AI Artist? Leonardo, 55(2), 130–134. https://doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_02092
Caballero, J. (2023). Hacia una nueva dimensión del montaje cinematográfico: Explorando las posibilidades de la inteligencia artificial. Hipertext.net, (26), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.31009/hipertext.net.2023.i26.08
Cadena 100. (2025, March 27). El Norte se reinventa en su vuelta a la música uniéndose a Sonia Gómez con ‘Un Diamante Es Para Siempre 2.0’: Así suena su colaboración. https://www.cadena100.es/musica/noticias/norte-reinventa-vuelta-musica-uniendose-sonia-gomez-diamante-siempre-2-0-asi-suena-colaboracion-20250327_133053.html
Ciller, C., & Palacio, M. (2016). Producción y desarrollo de proyectos audiovisuales. Síntesis.
Devlin, J., Chang, M. W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2019). BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In J. Burstein, C. Doran, & T. Solorio (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (pp. 4171–4186). Association for Computational Linguistics.
Dunlop, R. (2014). Production pipeline fundamentals for film and Games. Routledge.
Dzmitry, B., Cho, K. H., & Bengio, Y. (2015, May 7–9). Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate [Conference presentation]. ICLR 2015: 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, San Diego, United States.
Fuster, J. (2025a, January 16). An AI wave will sweep through Hollywood’s VFX systems in 2025. The Wrap. https://www.thewrap.com/ai-vfx-production-labor/
Fuster, J. (2025b, March 4). Staircase studio, a new AI production company, looks to produce 30 films in 4 years. The Wrap. https://www.thewrap.com/staircase-studio-to-produce-30-ai-films/
Gatys, L., Ecker, A., & Bethge, M. (2015). Texture synthesis using convolutional neural networks. In C. Cortes, N. Lawrence, D. Lee, M. Sugiyama, & R. Garnett (Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems (pp. 2414–2423). The MIT Press.
Gatys, L., Ecker, A., & Bethge, M. (2016). A neural algorithm of artistic style. Journal of Vision, 16(12), Article 326. https://doi.org/10.1167/16.12.326
Gómez Tarín, F. J. (2006). El análisis del texto fílmico. Universidade da Beira Interior.
Goodfellow, Ian J., Pouget-Abadie, J., Mirza, M., Xu, B., Warde-Farley, D., Ozair, S., Courville, A., & Bengio, Y. (2014). Generative adversarial nets. In Z. Ghahramani, M. Welling, C. Cortes, N. D. Lawrence, & K. Q. Weinberger (Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems (pp. 2672–2680). Curran Associates.
Guerrero-Solé, F., & Ballester, C. (2023). El impacto de la inteligencia artificial generativa en la disciplina de la comunicación. Hipertext, (26), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.31009/hipertext.net.2023.i26.01
Helm, J. M., Swiergosz, A. M., Haeberle, H. S., Karnuta, J. M., Schaffer, J. L., Krebs, V. E., Spitzer, A. I., & Ramkumar, P. N. (2020). Machine learning and artificial intelligence: Definitions, applications, and future directions. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, 13(1), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-020-09600-8
Herbert, D., Lotz, A. D., & Punathambekar, A. (2020). Media industry studies. Polity Press.
Hu, L., Saito, S., Wei, L., Nagano, K., Seo, J., Fursund, J., Sadeghi, I., Sun, C., Chen, Y. C., & Li, H. (2017). Avatar digitization from a single image for real-time rendering. ACM. Transactions on Graphics, 36(6), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1145/3130800.31310887
Huang, Z., Heng, W., & Zhou, S. (2019). Learning to paint with model-based deep reinforcement learning. In 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (pp. 4378–4389). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2019.00880
Indigo, L. (2024, September 1). Lola Indigo - PESADILLAS (Video Oficial) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8zRym9HXKM
Julián Gómez, S. (2023, November 30). La postproducción de ‘La Mesías’: Universos, alta exigencia y 16 mm. Panorama Audiovisual. https://www.panoramaaudiovisual.com/2023/11/30/postproduccion-la-mesias-universos-alta-exigencia-16-mm/
Krauss, P. (2024). Artificial intelligence and brain research. Neural networks, deep learning and the future of cognition. Springer.
Lasi, H., Fettke, P., Kemper, H. G., Feld, T., & Hoffmann, M. (2014). Industry 4.0. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 6, 239–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-014-0334-4
Liu, Z., Luo, P., Wang, X., & Tang, X. (2015). Deep learning face attributes in the wild. In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (pp. 3730–3738). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2015.425
Mitchell, T. M. (1997). Machine learning. McGraw Hill Education.
Oshan, H. M., & Piumantha, N. (2024). Harnessing generative AI for production design in audio-visual creations: Exploring opportunities, overcoming challenges, and shaping the future. In Proceedings of the International Research Conference of the Open University of Sri Lanka (pp. 1–4). The Open University of Sri Lanka.
Pandy, G., Pugazhenthi, V. J., & Murugan, A. (2025). Generative AI: Transforming the landscape of creativity and automation. International Journal of Computer Applications, 186(63), 7–13. http://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2025924392
Ramesh, A., Dhariwal, P., Nichol, A., Chu, C., & Chen, M. (2022, April 13). Hierarchical text-conditional image generation with clip latents [Conference presentation]. 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, New Orleans, United States. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2204.06125
Redacción AV451. (2023, November 17). VOD ratings: ‘La Mesías’ entra con fuerza en lo más visto durante la primera quincena de noviembre. Audiovisual 451. https://www.audiovisual451.com/vod-ratings-la-mesias-entra-con-fuerza-en-lo-mas-visto-durante-la-primera-quincena-de-noviembre/
Reddy, V. S., Kathiravan, M., & Reddy, V. L. (2024). Revolutionizing animation: Unleashing the power of artificial intelligence for cutting-edge visual effects in films. Soft Computing, 28, 749–763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-09448-3
Russell, S., & Norvig, S. (2020). Artificial intelligence. A modern approach. Pearson.
Short, T., & Adams, T. (2017). Procedural generation in game design. CRC Press.
Silva Jasaui, D., Martí-Testón, A., Muñoz, A., Moriniello, F., Solanes, J. E., & Gracia, L. (2024). Virtual production: Real-time rendering pipelines for indie studios and the potential in different scenarios. Applied Sciences, 14(6), Article 2530. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062530
Simonyan, K., & Zisserman, A. (2014). Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. In Y. Bengio & Y. LeCun (Eds.), 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations (pp. 1–14). Computational and Biological Learning Society.
Singer, U., Polyak, A., Hayes, T., Yin, X., An, J., Zhang, S., Hu, Q., Yang, H., Ashual, O., Gafni, O., Parikh, D., Gupta, S. & Taigman, Y. (2022, April 13). Make-A-video: Text-to-video generation without text-video data [Conference presentation]. 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, New Orleans, United States. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2209.14792
Singh, A. V., Varma, M., Laux, P., Choudhary, S., Datusalia, A. K., Gupta, N., Luch, A., Gandhi, A., Kulkarni, P., & Nath, B. (2023). Artificial intelligence and machine learning disciplines with the potential to improve the nanotoxicology and nanomedicine fields: A comprehensive review. Archives of Toxicology, 97, 963–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-023-03471-x
Sookhom, A., Klinthai, P., A-masiri, P., & Kerdvibulvech, C. (2023). A new study of AI artists for changing the movie industries. Digital Society, 2(3), Article 37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44206-023-00065-z
Stump, C. (2021). Artificial intelligence aids intuition in mathematical discovery. Nature, 600, 44–45.
Swarnakar, S. (2024). Artificial intelligence and cinema - Exploring the implications of artificial intelligence in cinema. In S. V. Kashyap, S. Bajaj, S. Bagchi, & A. Bairagi (Eds.), The media mosaic: Exploring diverse artistic forms (pp. 21–26). Innovative Scientific Publication.
Takale, D. G., Mahalle, P. N., & Sule, B. (2024). Advancements and applications of generative artificial intelligence. Journal of Information Technology and Sciences, 10(1), 20–27.
The Business Research Company. (2024). Generative AI in creative industries: Global market report 2024.
Torrejón, O. E., Peretti, N., & Figueroa, R. (2020). Rotoscope automation with deep learning. SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal, 129(2), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.5594/jmi.2019.2959967
Utray, F., Armenteros, M., & Benítez, A. J. (2015). Postproducción digital: Una perspectiva contemporánea. Dykinson.
Viñolo Locubiche, S. (2024). AI and the development of new audiovisual narratives. In R. V. Benítez Rojas & F. J. Martínez-Cano (Eds.), Revolutionizing communication: The role of artificial intelligence (pp. 37–47). CRC Press.
Virtual World Pictures. (2025, February 27). “El Gran Reinicio”: La primera película española hecha con inteligencia artificial presentada en Berlinale. Europa Press. https://www.europapress.es/comunicados/ocio-deportes-01368/noticia-comunicado-gran-reinicio-primera-pelicula-espanola-hecha-inteligencia-artificial-presentada-berlinale-20250227093014.html
Zunzunegui, S. (1996). La mirada cercana: Microanálisis fílmico. Paidós.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2025 Sonia Dueñas Mohedas, Francisco Jiménez Alcarria

Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0.
Os autores são titulares dos direitos de autor, concedendo à revista o direito de primeira publicação. O trabalho é licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.