Os Custos Invisíveis de Trabalhar a “Diversidade” Para Jornalistas Minorizados
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.48(2025).6419Palavras-chave:
jornalismo, diversidade, discriminações, rotinas, jornalistas minorizadosResumo
O jornalismo tem sido há muito criticado pela sua falta de diversidade, tanto nas redações como na produção de conteúdos. Em resposta, profissionais dos média, decisores políticos e até alguns académicos assumem frequentemente que contratar jornalistas de grupos minorizados levaria a uma cobertura noticiosa mais diversa e inclusiva — ou, dito de forma simples, que jornalistas “diversos” produziriam mais conteúdos “diversos”. No entanto, entrevistas com jornalistas LGBT e jornalistas racializados que trabalham na Bélgica francófona põem em causa esta suposição.
Com base em 61 entrevistas semiestruturadas, esta investigação questiona os discursos institucionais que enquadram os jornalistas minorizados como solução para a falta de diversidade nos conteúdos mediáticos. Os resultados destacam três questões centrais: os jornalistas minorizados sentem que têm uma influência limitada sobre o conteúdo das redações devido a rotinas e preconceitos; os seus esforços para melhorar a representação resultam num trabalho não remunerado, não reconhecido e invisível; e enfrentam riscos profissionais por se envolverem em trabalho relacionado com a diversidade.
As barreiras sistémicas incorporadas nas rotinas das redações, na filtragem editorial e nas normas jornalísticas enraizadas restringem significativamente a capacidade dos jornalistas minorizados de influenciar as narrativas mediáticas. Como resultado, estes veem frequentemente a sua capacidade de influenciar a cobertura extremamente limitada. Contudo, resistir a estas práticas institucionalizadas e a estes enquadramentos ideológicos, na tentativa de promover uma cobertura noticiosa mais inclusiva, exige um esforço considerável — um esforço muitas vezes invisível, não remunerado e assumido de forma desproporcionada por jornalistas de grupos minorizados. Além disso, este estudo revela uma penalização profissional particular associada ao trabalho sobre diversidade. Muitos jornalistas minorizados relatam ser considerados tendenciosos apenas por defenderem histórias que refletem as realidades das suas próprias comunidades, reforçando ainda mais a sua posição precária dentro das organizações noticiosas.
Downloads
Referências
Alemán, S. (2017). A critical race counterstory: Chicana/o subjectivities vs. journalism objectivity. Taboo: The Journal of Culture and Education, 16(1), 73–91. https://doi.org/10.31390/taboo.16.1.08
Alvarado, M. (Ed.). (2021). Diversidad en el periodismo latinoamericano. Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas.
Awad Cherit, I. (2008). Cultural diversity in the news media: A democratic or a commercial need? Javnost - The Public, 15(4), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2008.11008982
Baillargeon, D., Bizien, T., Brulois, V., Millette, J., Seurrat, A., & Yao-Baglo, N. (2023). Communiquer sur la diversité et communiquer la diversité: Défis et perspectives de l’équité, de la diversité et de l’inclusion pour la recherche et le milieu professionnel. Revue Communication & Professionnalisation, (14), 178–202. https://doi.org/10.14428/rcompro.v14i14.83393
Beazer, A., Walter, S., & Eldridge, S. A., II. (2025). Space for solidarity? Studying women journalists’ experiences of covering minoritized groups. Journalism Practice, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2025.2487522
Bereni, L. (2009). Faire de la diversité une richesse pour l’entreprise. Raisons Politiques, 35(3), 87–105. https://doi.org/10.3917/rai.035.0087
Bereni, L. (2023). Le management de la vertu. La diversité en entreprise à New York et à Paris. Presses de Sciences Po.
Bereni, L., & Jaunait, A. (2009). Usages de la diversité. Raisons Politiques, 35(3), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.3917/rai.035.0005
Bersipont, R. (2020). La diversification des groupes de presse écrite quotidienne payante situés dans le petit marché belge francophone (2000-2019). Les Cahiers du Journalisme, 2(5), R19–R36. https://doi.org/10.31188/CaJsm.2(5).2020.R019
Bhowmik, S., Smith, M., & Wenger, D. (2024). Then and now, newsroom diversity matters for Mississippi’s Black journalists. Journalism Practice, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2024.2418912
Bravo, V., & Clark, N. (2019). Diversity in news organizations. In T. P. Vos & F. Hanusch (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of journalism studies (pp. 1–9). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118841570.iejs0225
Campbell, C. P., LeDuff, K. M., & Brown, R. A. (2012). Race, myth and the news revisited. In C. P. Campbell, C. D. Jenkins, K. M. LeDuff, & R. A. Brown (Eds.), Race and news: Critical perspectives (pp. 3–21). Routledge.
Clark, B. (2014). “Walking up a down-escalator”: The interplay between newsroom norms and media coverage of minority groups. InMedia. The French Journal of Media Studies, 5, Article 5. https://doi.org/10.4000/inmedia.749
Clark, B. (2022). Journalism’s racial reckoning: The news media’s pivot to diversity and inclusion. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003261544
Conseil Supérieur de l’Audiovisuel. (2006). Collège d’avis. Avis n°07/2006. https://www.csa.be/document/presence-et-representation-des-minorites-culturelles-dans-les-medias-audiovisuels/
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. SAGE.
Colisson, P. (2023). La diversité dans les médias: Identités et pratiques des jeunes journalistes en rédaction [Doctoral dissertation, Université Paris Dauphine].
Correa, T. (2010). How Latino reporters’ ethnic identification with sources affects newspaper content. Newspaper Research Journal, 31(3), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739532910031003
Demart, S. (2025). La fiction postraciale belge. Antiracisme afrodescendant, féminisme et aspirations décoloniales. Editions de l’Université de Bruxelles.
Derinöz, S., Chkiri, L., El Massaoudi, S., & Wathieu, N. (2024). Étude de la diversité et de l’égalité dans la presse quotidienne belge francophone. Association des Journalistes Professionnels. https://www.ajp.be/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/diversite-2022SiteLight.pdf
Desterbecq, J., Laville, C., Ghanim, Y., Ngouebeng, L., & Salque, D. (2023). Baromètre Diversité & Egalité: 10 ans. Conseil Supérieur de l’Audiovisuel. https://www.csa.be/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/CSA_barometre-10ANS-2023-WEB.pdf
Douglas, O. (2022). The media diversity and inclusion paradox: Experiences of Black and Brown journalists in mainstream British news institutions. Journalism, 23(10), 2096–2113. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211001778
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2023). Being Black in the EU — Experiences of people of African descent. https://doi.org/10.2811/4285140
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2024a). Being Muslim in the EU — Experiences of Muslims. https://doi.org/10.2811/2893
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2024b). Jewish people’s experiences and perceptions of antisemitism. https://doi.org/10.2811/292167
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2024c). LGBTIQ equality at a crossroads — Progress and challenges. https://doi.org/10.2811/920578
Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford University Press.
Gans, H. J. (2004). Deciding what’s news: A study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time. Northwestern University Press.
Garbes, L. (2024). Sonic double consciousness: Public radio voices of color. American Journal of Cultural Sociology, 12(4), 677–697. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41290-024-00215-x
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigmate. Les usages sociaux des handicaps. Les Éditions de Minuit.
Gross, L. (2001). Up from invisibility: Lesbians, gay men, and the media in America. Columbia University Press.
Guillaumin, C. (1972). L’idéologie raciste: Genèse et langage actuel. Mouton.
Haq, N. (2024). “Whether that’s truly objective journalism, probably not”. Professional retreatism and professional dilemmas when reporting on Muslims. Journalism Practice, 18(9), 2357–2373. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2024.2323063
Haraway, D. (1988). Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575–599. https://doi.org/10.2307/3178066
Hicks, G., & Warren, H. (1998). Whose benefit? Gay and lesbian journalists discuss outing, the individual, and the community. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 13(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jmme1301_2
Hultén, G. (2009). Diversity disorders: Ethnicity and newsroom cultures. Conflict & Communication Online, 8(2), 1–14.
Jackson, T. L. (2022). Stories that don’t make the news: Navigating a White newsroom as a Black female reporter. Journalism Practice, 18(6), 1349–1364. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2110926
Johnston, A., & Flamiano, D. (2007). Diversity in mainstream newspapers from the standpoint of journalists of color. Howard Journal of Communications, 18(2), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170701309999
Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation: New edition. Basic Books.
Kanuha, V. (1999). The social process of “passing” to manage stigma: Acts of internalized oppression or acts of resistance? The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 26(4), 27–46.
Lecrit, N., Libert, M., Le Cam, F., & Bersipont, R. (2025). Évolution des médias belges d’information 2011-2025. Perspectives socio-économiques. LaPIJ. https://lapij.ulb.ac.be/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Evolution-des-medias-belges-dinformation-2011-2025-Perspectives-socio-economiques.pdf
Libert, M., Le Cam, F., Lethimonnier, C., Vanhaelewyn, B., Van Leuven, S., & Raeymaeckers, K. (2023). Portrait des journalistes belges en 2023. Academia Press.
Lima Pôrto, J. I. (2023). Marcas de resistência das jornalistas LGBTQIA+ à cisheteronormatividade na profissão [Master’s dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo]. Biblioteca Digital USP. https://doi.org/10.11606/D.27.2023.tde-02042024-110929
Lima Pôrto, J. I., & Alves Feitosa, S. (2017, September 9). “Põe a cara no sol, mona” : A heteronormatividade no exercício da profissão do jornalista gay [Conference presentation]. Anais do 7º Encontro de Jovens Pesquisadores em Jornalismo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Lits, G., & Standaert, O. (2024). Étude de la diversité au sein de la profession de journaliste (2012-2023). Association des Journalistes Professionnels. https://www.ajp.be/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Diversite-UCLouvainCover.pdf
Louazon, E. (2024). Combattre les assignations à l’engagement: Stratégies de résistance de journalistes minorisé.e.s. Sur le Journalisme, About Journalism, Sobre Jornalismo, 13(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.25200/SLJ.v13.n1.2024.510
Lück, J., Schultz, T., Simon, F., Borchardt, A., & Kieslich, S. (2020). Diversity in British, Swedish, and German newsrooms: Problem awareness, measures, and achievements. Journalism Practice, 16(4), 561–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1815073
Marthoz, J.-P. (2011). Couvrir les migrations. De Boeck Supérieur.
Metykova, M. (2016). Diversity and the media. Red Globe Press.
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
Meyers, M., & Gayle, L. (2015). African American women in the newsroom: Encoding resistance. Howard Journal of Communications, 26(3), 292–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2015.1049760
Mizzi, R. C. (2024). Understanding homoprofessionalism and the political context: Lesbian and gay leaders of international schools. In J. Gedro & T. Rocco (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of lgbtq identity in organizations and society (pp. 42–56). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003128151-5
Nesbitt, P. D. (1997). Gender, tokenism, and the construction of elite clergy careers. Review of Religious Research, 38(3), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.2307/3512083
Nishikawa, K. A., Towner, T. L., Clawson, R. A., & Waltenburg, E. N. (2009). Interviewing the interviewers: Journalistic norms and racial diversity in the newsroom. Howard Journal of Communications, 20(3), 242–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170903070175
Oh, D. C., & Min, S. J. (2023). Navigating White news: Asian American journalists at work. Rutgers University Press. https://doi.org/10.36019/9781978831452
Okuwobi, O. F. (2025). Who pays for diversity: Why programs fail at racial equity and what to do about it. University of California Press.
Owens, L. C. (2008). Network news: The role of race in source selection and story topic. The Howard Journal of Communications, 19(4), 355–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170802418269
Pritchard, D., & Stonbely, S. (2007). Racial profiling in the newsroom. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 84(2), 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900708400203
Quiroz, L. (2019). Le leurre de l’objectivité scientifique. Lieu d’énonciation et colonialité du savoir. HAL Open Science.
Rault, W., & Trachman, M. (Eds.). (2023). Minorités de genre et de sexualité. Objectivation, catégorisations et pratiques d’enquête. Ined Éditions.
Rivas-Rodriguez, M., Subervi-Vélez, F. A., Bramlett-Solomon, S., & Heider, D. (2004). Minority journalists’ perceptions of the impact of minority executives. Howard Journal of Communications, 15(1), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170490275747
Rodriguez, A. (1999). Making Latino news: Race, language, class. SAGE.
Rodríguez, J. E., Campbell, K. M., & Pololi, L. H. (2015). Addressing disparities in academic medicine: What of the minority tax? BMC Medical Education, 15, Article 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-015-0290-9
Sénac-Slawinski, R. (2012). L’invention de la diversité. Presses Universitaires de France.
Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (1996). Mediating the message: Theories of influences on mass media content. Longman.
Simonet, M. (2018). Travail gratuit: La nouvelle exploitation? Textuel.
Skrentny, J. D. (2014). After civil rights: Racial realism in the new American workplace. Princeton University Press.
Verhoeven, E., Dhoest, A., & Paulussen, S. (2022). ‘No room for hate in our country’: Constructing the LGBTI-friendly nation in news discourses after the murder of a gay man in Belgium. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 26(1), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/13678779221131080
Wilson, C., II. (2000). The paradox of African American Journalist. In S. Cottle (Éd.), Ethnic minorities and the media (pp. 85–99). Open University Press.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2025 Elena Louazon
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0.
Os autores são titulares dos direitos de autor, concedendo à revista o direito de primeira publicação. O trabalho é licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
