Cobertura Noticiosa do Surto de COVID-19: Análise Temática de um Jornal Português de Referência
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.43(2023).4130Palavras-chave:
COVID-19, pandemia, imprensa, fontes de informação, valores-notíciaResumo
A cobertura noticiosa pode desempenhar um importante papel durante crises de saúde pública, alertando para os potenciais riscos, informando sobre medidas de resposta e encorajando comportamentos preventivos. No entanto, a pandemia COVID-19 aumentou a precariedade dos jornalistas, ao mesmo tempo introduzindo novos desafios no seu trabalho. Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma análise temática a 612 notícias sobre o período inicial do surto de COVID-19 em Portugal, publicadas num jornal português de referência, de janeiro a março de 2020. Os resultados mostram a relevância da proximidade geográfica e cultural como valores-notícia da cobertura internacional. Ainda que a quantificação de casos e mortes tenha sido um tema proeminente tanto em notícias internacionais como nacionais, a cobertura doméstica deu maior relevo a casos específicos de infeção, enquanto os indicadores epidemiológicos gerais foram mais frequentemente o tema principal da cobertura de outros países. Notícias sobre eventos em Portugal focaram mais frequentemente medidas específicas de contenção e mitigação, ao contrário da cobertura internacional, que valorizou antes os estados de emergência e quarentenas. Relativamente a fontes de informação, houve uma clara dependência de representantes do Estado e comunicados de imprensa da Direção-Geral de Saúde. As experiências e opiniões de pessoas que falam a título individual, e não em representação de uma instituição, foram muito menos frequentes.
Downloads
Referências
Basch, C. H., Kecojevic, A., & Hagner, V. H. (2020). Coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic in the online versions of highly circulated U.S. daily newspapers. Journal of Community Health, 45, 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00913-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00913-w
Brivio, E., Oliveri, S., & Pravettoni, G. (2020). Empowering communication in emergency contexts. Reflections from the Italian coronavirus outbreak. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 95(5), 835–851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.03.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.03.021
Cabrera, A., Martins, C., & Cunha, I. F. (2020). A cobertura televisiva da pandemia COVID-19 em Portugal. Media & Jornalismo, 20(37), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-5462_37_10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-5462_37_10
Cádima, F. R. (2021). COVID-19 in Portugal: From “negationism” and neglect to the state of emergency. In F. Cádima & I. Ferreira (Eds.), Perspectivas multidisciplinares da comunicação em contexto de pandemia (Vol. 1, pp. 6–29). ICNova. https://doi.org/10.34619/e6g0-d757
Cádima, F. R., Martins, L. O., Baptista, C., Silva, M. T., & Lourenço, R. (2022). Monitoring media pluralism in the digital era. Country report: Portugal. European University Institute. https://doi.org/10.2870/818313
Cardoso, G., Baldi, V., Paisana, M., & Quintanilha, T. L. (2020). Pandemia e consumos mediáticos. Intercampus; OberCom.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Crisis emergency and risk communication. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/manual/index.asp
Chan, C. K. (2016). Defining health risk by media template: Hong Kong’s news discourse of the swine flu pandemic. Journalism, 17(8), 1018–1036. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915595473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915595473
Decreto do Presidente da República n.º 14-A/2020, de 18 de março, Diário da República n.º 55/2020, 3º Suplemento, Série I de 2020-03-18, páginas 2 – 4 (2020). https://dre.pt/dre/detalhe/decreto-presidente-republica/14-a-2020-130399862
Direção-Geral da Saúde. (s.d.). Relatório de situação. Retrieved January 13, 2023, https://covid19.min-saude.pt/relatorio-de-situacao/
Duarte, R., Lopes, F., Alves, F., Guiar, A., Monteiro, H., Pinto, M., & Felgueiras, Ó. (2022). COVID-19 em Portugal, a estratégia. UMinho Editora. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21814/uminho.ed.71
Duncan, B. (2009). How the media reported the first days of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009: Results of EU-wide media analysis. Euro Surveillance, 14(30), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920940148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.14.30.19286-en
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2020, 31 de janeiro). Risk assessment: Outbreak of acute respiratory syndrome associated with a novel coronavirus, China: first local transmission in the EU/EEA − third update. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/risk-assessment-outbreak-acute-respiratory-syndrome-associated-novel-1
European Commission. (2019). Media use in the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2775/80086
Florea, S., & Woelfel, J. (2021). Proximal versus distant suffering in TV news discourses on COVID-19 pandemic. Text&Talk, 42(3), 327–345. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2020-0083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2020-0083
Galtung, J., & Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 64–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336500200104
Gans, H. J. (2004). Deciding what’s news: A study of CBS evening news, NBC nightly news, Newsweek, and Time. Northwestern University Press. (Trabalho original publicado em 1979)
Gomes, E. S. C. (2021). A mediatização da COVID-19 em Portugal: Os primeiros meses da pandemia nos jornais online. Revista Española de Comunicación en Salud, 12(2), 135–150. https://doi.org/10.20318/recs.2021.6124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/recs.2021.6124
Gonçalves, G., Piñeiro-Naval, V., & Sá, S. (2023). Risk communication and disinformation in Portugal: How media consumption affects the understanding of COVID-19 health-protective messages. In R. Tench, J. Meng, & Á. Moreno (Eds.), Strategic communication in a global crisis: National and international responses to the COVID-19 pandemic (pp. 112–131). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003184669-12
Grupo Marktest. (2020, 14 de abril). Ranking auditado netAudience de março. https://www.marktest.com/wap/a/n/id~261e.aspx
Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J., & Roberts, B. (1978). Policing the crisis. Mugging, the state, and law and order. McMillan Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15881-2
Harcup, T. (2020). What’s the point of news? A study in ethical journalism. Palgrave MacMillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39947-4
Hubner, A. (2021). How did we get here? A framing and source analysis of early COVID-19 media coverage. Communication Research Reports, 38(2), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2021.1894112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2021.1894112
Joye, S. (2010). News discourses on distant suffering: A critical discourse analysis of the 2003 SARS outbreak. Discourse & Society, 21(5), 586–601. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926510373988 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926510373988
Joye, S., Heinrich, A., & Wöhlert, R. (2016). 50 years of Galtung and Ruge: Reflections on their model of news values and its relevance for the study of journalism and communication today. Communication and Media, 11(36), 5–28. http://doi.org/10.5937/comman11-9514 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5937/comman11-9514
Kim, Y. (2022). Outbreak news production as a site of tension: Journalists’ news-making of global infectious disease. Journalism, 23(1), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920940148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920940148
Lopes, F., Araújo, R., & Magalhães, O. (2021). COVID-19: Uma pandemia gerida pelas fontes oficiais através de uma comunicação Política. Comunicação e Sociedade, 40, 17–32. https://doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.40(2021).3520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.40(2021).3520
Lopes, F., & Fernandes, L. (2012). À procura de uma vibrante esfera pública da saúde através da análise da imprensa portuguesa. In S. Marinho, T. Ruão, F. Lopes, Z. Pinto-Coelho, & L. Fernandes (Eds.), Olhares cruzados sobre comunicação na saúde: Relatório de um debate (pp. 17–30). Universidade do Minho. https://hdl.handle.net/1822/29776
Lopes, F., Ruão, T., Marinho, S., & Araújo, R. (2012). A media pandemic: Influenza A in Portuguese newspapers. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 5(1), 19–27. http://doi.org/10.1179/2047971911Y.0000000001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/2047971911Y.0000000001
Lopes, F., Santos, C. A., Magalhães, O., Burnay, C. D., Araújo, R., & Sá, A. (2021). A cobertura noticiosa da pandemia: Um retrato dos dilemas e práticas profissionais na era COVID-19. Mediapólis, (13), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-6019_13_6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-6019_13_6
Lopes, F., Santos, C. A., Peixinho, A. T., Magalhães, O. E., & Araújo, R. F. (2021). COVID-19: Uma pandemia que reconfigura o jornalismo? Media & Jornalismo, 21(39), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-5462_39_3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14195/2183-5462_39_3
Luengo, M., & García-Marín, D. (2020). The performance of truth: Politicians, fact-checking journalism, and the struggle to tackle COVID-19 misinformation. American Journal of Cultural Sociology, 8, 405–427. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41290-020-00115-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41290-020-00115-w
Maxwell, T. (2003). The public need to know: Emergencies, government organizations, and public information policies. Government Information Quarterly, 20(3), 233–258. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-624X(03)00039-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-624X(03)00039-X
Miranda, J., Fidalgo, J., & Martins, P. (2021). Journalism in time of pandemic: New professional routines, new ethical challenges. Comunicação e Sociedade, 39, 287–307. https://doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.39(2021).3176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.39(2021).3176
Newman, N. (2020). Journalism, media and technology trends and predictions 2020. Reuters Institute; University of Oxford. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-01/Newman_Journalism_and_Media_Predictions_2020_Final.pdf
Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Levy, D. A., & Nielsen, R. (2018). Reuters Institute digital news report 2018. Reuters Institute; University of Oxford. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/digital-news-report-2018.pdf
Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., & Nielsen, R. (2019). Reuters Institute digital news report 2019. Reuters Institute; University of Oxford. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-06/DNR_2019_FINAL_0.pdf
Peralta-Santos, A., Saboga-Nunes, L., & Magalhães, P. C. (2021). A tale of two pandemics in three countries. Portugal, Spain and Italy. In S. L. Greer, E. J. King, E. M. da Fonseca, & A. Peralta-Santos (Eds.), Coronavirus politics. The comparative politics and policy of COVID-19 (pp. 361–377). University of Michigan Press.
Posetti, J., Bell, E., & Brown, P. (2020). Journalism & the pandemic: A global snapshot of impacts. ICJ; Tow Center for Digital Journalism. https://www.icfj.org/our-work/journalism-and-pandemic-survey
Rubin, G. J., Amlot, R., Page, L., & Wessely, S. (2009). Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: Cross sectional telephone survey. BMJ, 339, Article b2651. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2651 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2651
Simon, F. M., & Graves, L. (2019). Pay models for online news in the U.S. and Europe: 2019 update. Reuters Institute; University of Oxford.
Smith, K. C., Rimal, R. N., Sandberg, H., Storey, J., Lagasse, L., Maulsby, C., Rhoades, E., Barnett, D. J., Omer, S. B., & Links, J. N. (2012). Understanding newsworthiness of an emerging pandemic: International newspaper coverage of the H1N1 outbreak. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 7(5), 847–853. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12073
Thomas, T., Wilson, A., Tonkin, E., Miller, E. R., & Ward, P. R. (2020). How the media places responsibility for the COVID-19 pandemic - An Australian media analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, Article 483. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00483
Traquina, N. (2004). Theory consolidation in the study of journalism. A comparative analysis of the news coverage of the HIV/AIDS issue in four countries. Journalism, 5(1), 97–116. http://doi.org/10.1177/1464884904039557 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884904039557
Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. McMillan.
van Dijk, T. (1988). News as discourse. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Data information. https://covid19.who.int/data
World Health Organization. (2020, 11 de março). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
Wray, R. J., Becker, S. M., Henderson, N., Glik, D., Jupka, K., Middleton, S., Henderson, C., Drury, A., & Mitchell, E. W.(2008). Communicating with the public about emerging health threats: Lessons from the pre-event message development project. American Journal of Public Health, 98(12), 2214–2222. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.107102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.107102
Zhang, W., & Cheung, Y. L. (2022). The hierarchy of news values – A corpus-based diachronic and cross-cultural comparison of news reporting on epidemics. Journalism Studies, 23(3), 281–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.2021104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.2021104
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2023 Pedro Rodrigues
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0.
Os autores são titulares dos direitos de autor, concedendo à revista o direito de primeira publicação. O trabalho é licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.